Invasion of Italy (Salerno) in World War II

The Allied invasion of Italy took place September 3–16, 1943, during World War II (1939–1945). Having driven the German and Italian troops from North Africa and Sicily, the Allies decided to invade Italy in September 1943. Landing in Calabria and south of Salerno, British and American forces pushed inland. The fighting around Salerno proved particularly fierce and ended when British forces from Calabria arrived. Defeated around the beaches, the Germans withdrew north to the Volturno Line. The invasion opened a second front in Europe and helped take pressure off Soviet forces in the east. Fast Facts: Invasion of Italy Dates: September 3–16, 1943, during World War II (1939–1945).Allies Armies and Commanders: General Sir Harold Alexander, General Sir Bernard Montgomery, and Lieutenant General Mark Clark; 189,000 men.Axis Armies and Commanders: Field Marshal Albert Kesselring and Colonel General Heinrich von Vietinghoff; 100,000 men. Sicily With the conclusion of the campaign in North Africa in the late spring of 1943, Allied planners began looking north across the Mediterranean. Though American leaders such as General George C. Marshall favored moving forward with an invasion of France, his British counterparts desired a strike against southern Europe. Prime Minister Winston Churchill ardently advocated for attacking through what he termed the soft underbelly of Europe, as he believed that Italy could be knocked out of the war and the Mediterranean opened to Allied shipping.  Ã‚   As it became increasingly clear that resources were not available for a cross-Channel operation in 1943, President Franklin Roosevelt agreed to the invasion of Sicily. Landing in July, American and British forces came ashore near Gela and south of Syracuse. Pushing inland, the troops of Lieutenant General George S. Pattons Seventh Army and General Sir Bernard Montgomerys Eighth Army pushed back the Axis defenders.   Next Steps These efforts resulted in a successful campaign that led to the overthrow of Italian leader Benito Mussolini  in late July 1943. With operations in Sicily coming to close in mid-August, the Allied leadership renewed discussions regarding an invasion of Italy. Though the Americans remained reluctant, Roosevelt understood the need to continue engaging the enemy to relieve Axis pressure on the Soviet Union until landings in northwest Europe could move forward. Also, as the Italians had approached the Allies with peace overtures, it was hoped that much of the country could be occupied before German troops arrived in large numbers. Prior to the campaign in Sicily, Allied plans foresaw a limited invasion of Italy that would be restricted to the southern part of the peninsula. With the collapse of Mussolinis government, more ambitious operations were considered. In assessing options for invading Italy, the Americans initially hoped to come ashore in the northern part of the country, but the range of Allied fighters limited potential landing areas to the Volturno river basin and the beaches around Salerno. Though further south, Salerno was chosen due to its calmer surf conditions, proximity to Allied air bases, and the existing road network beyond the beaches. Operation Baytown Planning for the invasion fell to Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the commander of the 15th Army Group, General Sir Harold Alexander. Working on a compressed schedule, their staffs at Allied Force Headquarters devised two operations, Baytown and Avalanche, which called for landings in Calabria and Salerno, respectively. Assigned to Montgomerys Eighth Army, Baytown was scheduled for September 3. It was hoped that these landings would draw German forces south, allowing them to be trapped in southern Italy by the later Avalanche landings on September 9. This approach also had the benefit of the landing craft being able to depart directly from Sicily. Not believing that the Germans would give battle in Calabria, Montgomery came to oppose Operation Baytown as he felt that it placed his men too far from the main landings at Salerno. As events unfolded, Montgomery was proved correct, and his men were forced to march 300 miles against minimal resistance to the reach the fighting. Operation Avalanche Execution of Operation Avalanche fell to Lieutenant General Mark Clarks U.S. Fifth Army, which was comprised of Major General Ernest Dawleys U.S. VI Corps and Lieutenant General Richard McCreerys British X Corps. Tasked with seizing Naples and driving across to the east coast to cut off enemy forces to the south, Operation Avalanche called for landing on a broad, 35-mile front to the south of Salerno. Responsibility for the initial landings fell to the British 46th and 56th Divisions in the north and the U.S. 36th Infantry Division in the south. The Sele River separated the British and American positions. Supporting the invasions left flank was a force of U.S. Army Rangers and British Commandos, which were given the objective of securing the mountain passes on the Sorrento Peninsula and blocking German reinforcements from Naples. Prior to the invasion, extensive thought was given to a variety of supporting airborne operations utilizing the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division. These included employing glider troops to secure the passes on the Sorrento Peninsula as well as a full-division effort to capture the crossings over the Volturno River. Each of these operations was deemed either unnecessary or unsupportable and was dismissed. As a result, the 82nd was placed in reserve. At sea, the invasion would be supported by a total of 627 vessels under the command of Vice Admiral Henry K. Hewitt, a veteran of both the North Africa and Sicily landings. Though achieving surprise was unlikely, Clark made no provision for a pre-invasion naval bombardment despite evidence from the Pacific that suggested this was required. German Preparations With the collapse of Italy, the Germans commenced plans for defending the peninsula. In the north, Army Group B, under Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, assumed responsibility as far south as Pisa. Below this point, Field Marshal Albert Kesselrings Army Command South was tasked with halting the Allies. Kesselrings primary field formation, Colonel General Heinrich von Vietinghoffs Tenth Army, consisting of XIV Panzer Corps and LXXVI Panzer Corps, came online on August 22 and began moving to defensive positions. Not believing that any enemy landings in Calabria or other areas in the south would be the main Allied effort, Kesselring left these areas lightly defended and directed troops to delay any advances by destroying bridges and blocking roads. This task largely fell to General Traugott Herrs LXXVI Panzer Corps. Montgomery Lands On September 3, Eighth Armys XIII Corps crossed the Straits of Messina and commenced landings at various points in Calabria. Meeting light Italian opposition, Montgomerys men had little trouble coming ashore and began forming to move north. Though they encountered some German resistance, the greatest impediment to their advance came in the form of demolished bridges, mines, and roadblocks. Due to the rugged nature of the terrain, which held British forces to the roads, Montgomerys speed became dependent on the rate at which his engineers could clear obstacles. On September 8, the Allies announced that Italy had formally surrendered. In response, the Germans initiated Operation Achse, which saw them disarm Italian units and take over the defense of key points. With the Italian capitulation, the Allies commenced Operation Slapstick on September 9, which called for British and U.S. warships to ferry the British 1st Airborne Division into the port of Taranto. Meeting no opposition, they landed and occupied the port. Landing at Salerno On September 9, Clarks forces began moving towards the beaches south of Salerno. Aware of the Allies approach, German forces on the heights behind the beaches prepared for the landings. On the Allied left, the Rangers and Commandos came ashore without incident and quickly secured their objectives in the mountains of the Sorrento Peninsula. To their right, McCreerys corps encountered fierce German resistance and required naval gunfire support to move inland. Fully occupied on their front, the British were unable to press south to link up with the Americans. Meeting intense fire from elements of the 16th Panzer Division, the 36th Infantry Division initially struggled to gain ground until reserve units were landed. As night fell, the British had achieved an advance inland of between five to seven miles while the Americans held the plain to the south of the Sele and gained around five miles in some areas. Though the Allies had come ashore, German commanders were pleased with the initial defense and began shifting units towards the beachhead. The Germans Strike Back Over the next three days, Clark worked to land additional troops and expand the Allied lines. Due to the tenacious German defense, growing the beachhead proved slow, which hampered Clarks ability to build up additional forces. As a result, by September 12, X Corps switched to the defensive as insufficient men were available to continue the advance. The next day, Kesselring and von Vietinghoff commenced a counteroffensive against the Allied position. While the Hermann Gà ¶ring Panzer Division struck from the north, the main German attack hit the boundary between the two Allied corps. This assault gained ground until stopped by a last-ditch defense by the 36th Infantry Division. That night, the U.S. VI Corps was reinforced by elements of the 82nd Airborne Division, which jumped inside the Allied lines. As additional reinforcements arrived, Clarks men were able to turn back German attacks on September 14 with the aid of naval gunfire. On September 15, having sustained heavy losses and failed to break through the Allied lines, Kesselring put the 16th Panzer Division and 29th Panzergrenadier Division on the defensive. To the north, XIV Panzer Corps continued their attacks but were defeated by Allied forces supported by airpower and naval gunfire. Subsequent efforts met a similar fate the next day. With the battle at Salerno raging, Montgomery was pressed by Alexander to hasten Eighth Armys advance north. Still hampered by poor road conditions, Montgomery dispatched light forces up the coast. On September 16, forward patrols from this detachment made contact with the 36th Infantry Division. With Eighth Armys approach and lacking the forces to continue attacking, von Vietinghoff recommended breaking off the battle and pivoting Tenth Army into a new defensive line spanning the peninsula. Kesselring agreed on September 17 and on the night of the 18/19th, German forces began pulling back from the beachhead. Aftermath During the course of the invasion of Italy, Allied forces sustained 2,009 killed, 7,050 wounded, and 3,501 missing while German casualties numbered around 3,500. Having secured the beachhead, Clark turned north and began attacking towards Naples on September 19. Arriving from Calabria, Montgomerys Eighth Army fell into line on the east side of the Apennine Mountains and pushed up the east coast. On October 1, Allied forces entered Naples as von Vietinghoffs men withdrew into the positions of the Volturno Line. Driving north, the Allies broke through this position and the Germans fought several rearguard actions as they retreated. Pursuing, Alexanders forces ground their way north until encountering the Winter Line in mid-November. Blocked by these defenses, the Allies finally broke through in May 1944 following the Battles of Anzio and Monte Cassino.

The Legal System Of Domestic Violence - 1960 Words

Out of the shadows and into the limelight, the once hidden crime of domestic violence has recently emerged within the Australian community as a widespread criminal issue. This abuse of power occurs in a relationship when one partner attempts to physically or psychologically dominate and control the other. Inflicting physical harm upon another human being is undoubtedly a breach of the criminal law, yet the Australian legal system takes little measures to protect the wider community from this type of violence. According to Family Lawyer Richard Ingleby, domestic violence has often been condoned by the legal system due to the fact that assaults occur in the ‘private’ realm of the home where legal measures are regarded as inappropriate, and interventionist. However, by overlooking domestic violence as a criminal offence, does the Australian legal system fail to adequately protect the family unit from this form of violence? Recent studies from the Australian Bureau of Static s have revealed that 23% of women who have ever been married or engaged in a de facto relationship have experienced violence by a partner at some time during the relationship. Due to the secrecy that once surrounded this kind of abuse, victims often feel unable to speak out and seek help, therefore even large surveys cannot provide accurate estimates of the extend of domestic violence within the Australia community (Domestic Violence and Incest Resource Centre, 1998). Despite the high incidence rate ofShow MoreRelated Domestic Violence: Loopholes in the Arizona Legal System2076 Words   |  9 Pages The United States has a long history of domestic violence. Nearly six million American women will be battered by their spouses every year (United Way, 1998). Tradition gives men the right to control their family including their wife. Violence is tolerated under these traditional conditions as discipline (Cohen, 1996). 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Consumer Behavior for Healthy Lifestyle - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theConsumer Behavior for Healthy Lifestyle. Answer: Literature Review and Framework Health and healthy lifestyle are one of the most talked about and at the same time the most neglected topics in a society. On one side, where the people are becoming overtly conscious regarding their health, on another side people are neglecting their health also. Weight gain and obesity is a common problem in the society (Goh et al. 2013, p.88). The people are so busy with their work and social commitments that they ignore their health and consume a lot of fast food. The fast food they consume is extremely unhealthy and causes several health problems. One of the main problems is obesity and weight gain. Lack of exercise and physical activities is also leading to this problem, due to which several ailments and medical conditions are cropping up like diabetes, increased blood pressure, cancer and other chronic ailments (Wang et al. 2012, p.200). Many studies have also taken place where the ill effects of obesity have been discussed. The health care personnel and experts are trying their best to advocate the benefits of a healthy lifestyle and how a maintained body weight can help the people in their work also (Srensen et al. 2010, p.401). The experts are trying hard to motivate people to exercise and engage themselves in physical activities that they can lose weight and do not be obese. In these efforts of the health care professional, the consumer behavior theories can be analyzed. Consumer behavior can be defined as the study of an individual, organization or a group of people while they are purchasing, selecting, using and disposing off a product. This study help the marketers to understand the thought process of consumers while they deal with the goods and services and understand what their needs and wants are (Solomon, 2014). Here also the health care professionals can us the theories of consumer behavior to understand why the consumers are ignorant regarding their health and how can they be motivated to for weight loss and weight maintenance. The first theory that comes into consideration is the Theory of Reasoned Action. As per this theory, the consumers take a specific decision when they are certain about the specific positive outcome of their decision (Montano and Kasprzyk, 2015, p.61). Hence, the health care experts and professionals should know that the c onsumers keep an ability of changing their mind while they take a decision. Hence, the experts should enlighten the people about the positive aspects of maintaining a body weight so that the consumers are aware about the positive aspects of their decisions. This theory also helps the experts to understand that they have a lot of time to converse with their consumers and convince them before the consumers decide and take the final action (Azar et al. 2013, p.584). Hence, the experts have time to explain the people how obesity can be avoided and fitness can be maintained. Another consumer behavior theory which can be analyzed is the motivation and need theory by Abraham Maslow. The theory provides a hierarchy of the needs of a consumer and establishes a relationship between the need and motivation of the people. The health care professionals and experts should understand the various needs of the consumers and how those needs can be addressed so that individuals can be motivated for weight loss and weight maintenance (Haylock, 2010, p.190). The needs that can address are the physiological needs of people. This need reflects how the consumers decision making can be influenced by highlighting positive aspects. The consumers can be influenced by various advertisements and talks about how obesity causes health problems. The safety needs are also attached with this as taking care of health means safety for oneself and family. All the factors mentioned are associated with consumer behavior. The health care professionals and experts have to understand the consumers behavior while they select, purchase, and use and dispose the product so that they can understand their psyche. Only buy understanding the attitude and behavior of the people, will the experts be able to understand how to influence the people and explain the benefits of weight loss and weight maintenance (Wadden et al. 2013, p.1444). Obesity has become a growing problem in the society due to negligence of the people towards their health and the fast moving lifestyle. Hence, the people have to be explained the health benefits and encouraged to live a healthy lifestyle. Marketing Strategies The health care experts should launch a healthcare program in the society where they should try and engage more people to be associated with the program. The program should address the ill effects that obesity carries with itself and how weight loss and weight maintenance helps in paving way for a healthy and successful lifestyle. The healthcare program will be a good initiative because a large number of people will be gaining awareness regarding the positive effects of being healthy and will also be encouraged (Griffiths et al. 2011, p.125). A healthcare program is a social initiative which should be taken by the healthcare experts. The experts should tell the people about the chronic disease which comes with obesity like diabetes, increased blood pressure, cancer and others (Laroche et al. 2013, p.81). They can also provide real life examples where people had have to go through surgeries because obesity could have lead to their death. With positive aspects, the healthcare program a lso has certain disadvantages. It addresses a large crowd at the same time which means that the effectiveness of the program is hampered to some extent. A personal talk is more beneficial than a speech at a large gathering and hence, the effectiveness of the program is not conveyed properly. Apart from being cost and time effective it is also a less effective medium of propagating health care benefits to the people at large. Another market strategy that the health care professionals and experts can use is social media. With the advent of technology, the consumers have become highly dependent on interne and other social media platforms to gain information regarding any field. People are very active on social media websites and platforms where they can post their reviews and can also read the reviews of others. Therefore, the social media will be a good platform to spread awareness regarding the health benefits of weight maintenance. The health care professionals and experts can post reviews on the social media websites and help the consumers to gain knowledge (Cantallops and Salvi, 2014, p.42). However, this platform would not help the experts and the professionals to reach out to a large crowd and especially to those people who do not have access to the internet. This would leave a significant part of the society unaddressed and still negligent regarding the problems that obesity caries and positive outc ome of weight loss and weight maintenance. Making exercises and physical activities fun can also be a method or a strategy of encouraging people to maintain a particular body weight. Exercising is an important part of being fit and so if the exercises are made fun then the consumers will be interested in taking part of it. The health care professionals and experts should promote exercises and physical activities in school, colleges, interactive clubs and organizations. Promotion at these places will help the experts to reach to a large crowd and especially to those people who are most prone to being obese and ignoring side and ill effects of living an unhealthy lifestyle (Donnelly and MacEntee, 2012, p.30). The exercises and physical activities can be made fun by doing it in the form of dance or other means which the individual finds interesting. Various forms of exercising are dancing, jogging, walking, aerobics, by going to a gym and others. Hence, all these forms should be promoted so that people take up to it (Ogde et al. 2010, p.242). However, with the increasing pressure on the people due to hectic schedule, consumers do not have time to indulge themselves in physical activities and hence, ignore their health (Neve et al. 2013, p.308). They always cite mismanagement of time as an excuse to not exercise and so it will be a big task for the health care experts and professionals to convince the people to make time and indulge themselves in physical activities. Recommendations and Conclusion The most suitable marketing strategy for the health care professionals and experts would be to take the help of social media to influence the customers regarding weight loss and weight maintenance. The social media influences the consumer behavior because of the indulgence of people on internet and social media platforms. The views, posts and information posted and available in the social media platforms are influential as they influence the people to change their viewpoints and thoughts. The consumer behavior has a huge role to play in the way a consumer decided to take upon an activity and participate in it. Hence, social media will be a widespread and broad arena through which maximum people can be influenced to maintain a healthy lifestyle by losing weight and maintaining a particular body weight. Reference List Books: Solomon, M.R., 2014. Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being (Vol. 10). Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Journals: Azar, K.M., Lesser, L.I., Laing, B.Y., Stephens, J., Aurora, M.S., Burke, L.E. and Palaniappan, L.P., 2013. Mobile applications for weight management: theory-based content analysis. American journal of preventive medicine, 45(5), pp.583-589. Cantallops, A.S. and Salvi, F., 2014. New consumer behavior: A review of research on eWOM and hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 36, pp.41-51. Donnelly, L.R. and MacEntee, M.I., 2012. Social interactions, body image and oral health among institutionalised frail elders: an unexplored relationship. Gerodontology, 29(2), pp.e28-e33. Goh, K.Y., Heng, C.S. and Lin, Z., 2013. 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Social media peer communication and impacts on purchase intentions: A consumer socialization framework. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 26(4), pp.198-208.